Class 12 Political Science Notes- Chapter 9 : GLOBALIZATION

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UNIT – 9

GLOBALIZATION

Table of Contents

VERY SHORT ANSWER (1 Mark)

1. What is mean by globalization?

Ans. Globalization refers to the growing interdependence between different people’s, regions and countries in the world as social and economic relationship come to stretch worldwide.

2. Mention a positive consequence of globalization on state capacity.

Ans. A positive consequence of Globalization on state capacity is that globalization has led to increase in exports and balance in foreign trade.

3. Write ‘yes’ or ‘no’.

Technology is one of the important factors that causes globalization. [2013]

Ans. Yes.

4. What is meant by economic globalization?

Ans. Economic globalization refers to the globalization that takes place in economic field in the form of free trade between countries, import and export and all such international economic relations.

5. What is meant by cultural homogenization?

Ans. The cultural effect of globalization leads to the fear that it is a threat to cultures in the world. Since, globalization leads to the rise of a uniform culture, which is called ‘cultural homogenization.

6. Fill in the blank:

Cultural homogenization is an aspect of ____.

Ans. Globalization

7. When did India start its economic reform?

Ans. In 1991 India starts its economic reform.

8. What is World Social Forum?

Ans. World social Forum is a global platform which brings together a wide coalition composed of human rights activists, environmentalists, labour, youth and woman activists, opposed to new-liberal globalization. The first WSF meeting was organized in Porto Alegre, Brazil in 2001.

9. Write the significance of Seattle Conference (1999) of WTO.

Ans. In 1999 there was a ministerial level meeting of World Trade Organization. There were widespread protests at Seattle alleging unfair trade practices by the economically powerful states.

10. When new economic policy was adopted in India?

Ans. New Economic Policy was adopted in India in 1991.

11. In which areas Globalization is not beneficial?

Ans. Agriculture.

12. When first world Social Forum Meeting was organized?

Ans. The first world social forum meeting was organized in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2001.

13. Write one negative aspect of Globalization?

Ans. Globalization is related to liberalization and privatization.

14. What is full form of WTO?

Ans. The full form of WTO is World Trade Organization.

15. Mention one feature of Globalization.

Ans. One feature of globalization is competitive economy and expansion of industrialization.

16. What is Protectionism?

Ans. Protectionism means not allow others to export.

17. Write one problem of Globalization?

Ans. Globalization poses a threat to the sovereign power of state.

18. In India who are indigenous people?

Ans. India, the description “indigenous people” is usually applied to the scheduled tribe who constitute nearly 8% of the population of the country.

19. When did the process of Globalization begin?

Ans. In India the process of globalization started in 1991.

20. What does Globalization include?

Ans. Globalization includes liberalization and privatization.

Class 12 Political Science Notes (for 2020-21 exam) -CBSE and AHSEC

VERY SHORT ANSWER (2 Mark)

1. What are the causes of globalization?

Ans. The different factors that have facilitated the occurrence of globalization –

Development in the fields of science and technology.
Revolution in information technology and electronic media.
Advances in the field of transport and communication.
Growth of MNCs and efforts by developed nations make the whole world, one single market.

2. What are the different dimensions of globalization?

Ans. The different dimensions of globalization are –

Economical dimension.
Political dimension.
Cultural dimension.

3. How does globalization affect state sovereignty?

Ans. Globalization results in an erosion of state capacity that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old ‘welfare state’ is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain care functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own.

4. Mention two actors involved with economic globalization.

Ans. Two actors involved with economic globalization are – World Trade Organization and International Monetary Fund.

5. Do you think that globalization poses a threat to cultures in the world?

Ans. Cultural diversity is a universal phenomenon. Each society has its own culture. One culture differs from another culture. One culture does not have all the similarities of another culture. I fully agree with the view that globalization leads to cultural heterogeneity. No culture would disappear due to globalization. In fact, globalization leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. The phenomenon is called cultural heterogenization.

6. Do you think that the cultural consequences of globalization are always negative?

Ans. No, cultural consequences of globalization are not negative. Cultural are not static things. All cultures aspects outside influences all the time. Some external influences are negative because they reduce our choice. But sometimes external influences simply enlarge our choices and they modify our culture without overwhelming the traditional culture.

7. What is meant by cultural heterogenization?

Ans. Cultural heterogenization leads each culture to become more different and distinctive. Here people get acquainted with variety of cultures and it creates intermingling of one culture with another.

8. How has technology contributed to globalization?

Ans. Through Technology, the invention of the telegraph, the telephone, internet, e-mail, fax, information technology etc. has been revolutionized the communication process. Through technological systems the ability of the people has been more advanced. The digital and information revolution has changed the path of the world learns. Computer technology has made long distance learning on everyday reality.

9. Do you think that globalization leads to uniform results everywhere?

Ans. No, I don’t think that globalization leads to uniform results everywhere. For example, while globalization has led to similar economic policies adopted by government in different parts of the world, which has generated vastly different outcomes in different parts of the world

10. What are the recent characteristics of Globalization?

Ans. The recent characters of globalization are use of science and technology. The two thrust areas of globalization is opening up of economy and application of information technology.

11. What are two thrust areas of Globalization?

Ans. The two thrust areas of globalization are liberalization and privatization.

12. What are the positive impacts of Globalization?

Ans. Globalization has led to increase state capacity to exports and foreign trade.

13. What are the two unequal worlds that exist?

Ans. Two unequal worlds that exist are – global north and global south.

14. What does liberalization lead to?

Ans. Liberalization leads to opening the economic sector, deregulate state control over trade and commerce and allow foreign direct investment.

15. Write two definition of Globalization?

Ans. Globalization in regarded as a multi-dimensional concept, in which it is a process, where the ‘earth’ in regarded as a global village.

16. What are the global commons? Give any two examples?

Ans. Global commons are those areas or objects or resources of the world which are not part of the exclusive jurisdiction of any state.

17. How has technology contributed in Globalization?

Ans. Technology is one of the important factors that contribute globalization. The invention of the telegraph, the telephone, internet, e-mail, fax, information technology has been revolutionized the communication process. Technology has enabled the people around the globe to interact and communicate.

18. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Globalization is a ____.

Ans. multi dimensional concept

(b) Economic ____ has created a division of opinion all over the ____.

Ans. liberalization, world

Ans. forum, global

19. What are the socio-cultural consequences of Globalization?

Ans. Globalization has affected socio-cultural aspect of human society throughout the world. Globalization has increased the area of choice of the individual in socio-cultural field.

LONG ANSWER (4 Marks)

1. What are the consequences of globalization?

Ans. The consequences of globalization has different regarding its three dimension –

Due to the advent of globalization, the entry and the inter cased role of multinational companies all over the world has led to a reduction in the capacity of the government to take decisions on their own, in which the state has gradually withdraw from its earlier function of economic and social well being. Thus, the ‘welfare state’ has been replaced by market factor which has become the principal determinant of social and economic priorities.
Economic globalization promotes trade across countries therefore the supporters have agreed that this trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best. This would benefit the whole world.
The Impact of globalization has led to a rise of a uniform culture, known as cultural homogenization.
The advocates argue that, economic globalization generate greater economic growth and well-being for larger section of the population where there is deregulation.

2. What is meant by common but differentiated responsibilities?

Ans. (i) In view of the different contributions of global environmental degradation, states have common but differentiated responsibilities.

(ii) The argument that says that the special needs of the developing countries must be taken into account in the development, application, and interpretation of rules of international environmental laws, is called the principle of ‘common but differentiated responsibilities’.

(iii) The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view of the pressures of their societies place on the global environment and of the technological and financial resources they command.

(iv) The 1992 UNFCCC also provides that the parties should act to protect the climate system “on the basis of equity and in accordance with their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities”.

3. Point out the impacts of globalization on India.

Ans. As early as the 1980’s, India responded to globalization. It influences India and different ways – Globalization affects India economically, politically and socio-cultural structures. Globalization established many capital goods industries and facilitated to the betterment of private sector. In the year, 1991, India reached a situation in which the government lost its credibility to borrow from abroad. India embarked on a economic reforms programme. Globalization compels Indian government to change legislations and constitution to facilitate the private sector. It brings about changes in the trait of the family. In the agricultural point of view, India is yet to gain the benefits of globalization. In India it is associated with the concept of economic reform; first generation was during Prime Minister Rao’s time (1991-1996). It appears that Globalization is a natural process in view of fast development of means of communication and interdependence of the world community. Hence, India is not exception India also responded to Globalization by welcoming technological development and by adopting privatization and liberalization in 1990’s. State’s role is decreasing and world culture is promoting in every areas of India society. India is in turn impacting on Globalization. Here, information technology (IT) and space technology (ST) has expanded tremendously.

4. What are the economic implications of globalization?

Ans. Economic globalization, though are criticized for creating imbalances in the economic scenario, however is also favoured, by many advocates –

The advocates argue that, economic globalization generates greater economic growth and well-being for larger section of the population, when there is deregulation.
Since, economic globalization promotes trade, across countries; therefore the supporters have agreed that this trade among countries allows each economy to do what it does best. This would benefit the whole world.
They also argue that economic globalization is inevitable and it is not wise to resist the march of history.
Thus, more moderate supporters of economic globalization say that, globalization provides a challenge that can be responded intelligently without accepting it uncritically.

5. ‘Resistance to globalization in India has come from different quarters’ – elaborate the statement.

Ans. In India resistance to globalization has come from various quarters. Left wings have protested economic liberalization through political parties as well as for a like Indian Social Forum. Further social movements, trade union movements, worker’s movements and farmers’ agitation against monopoly of Multi National Corporations are also some forms of resistance to globalization, patenting of plants like Neem by American and European firms has generated widespread opposition in India.

Further political activities have also resisted globalization. This has come in the form objection to various cultural influences which includes westernization of dresses of girl students in schools and colleges, celebration of Valentine’s Day and indecencies shown by foreign TV channels on the cable networks.

6. Examine the responsible factors for the emergence of the process of globalization?

Ans. The different factors that have facilitated the occurrence of globalization –

Development in the fields of science and technology.
Revolution in information technology and electronic media.
Advances in the field of transport and communication.
Growth of MNCs and efforts by developed nations make the whole world, one single market.

7. Make a list of products of multinational companies (MNCs) that are used by your family?

Ans. A list of products of multinational companies is –

Television.
Toothpaste.
Medicine.
Mobile phone.
Cloth.
Refrigerator.
Food.

VERY LONG ANSWER (6 Marks)

1. Explain the increase and decrease in the role of the state activities in the developing countries due to globalization.

Ans. It is argued that globalization affects the role of the state in the developing countries i.e. the ability of the government to do what it wants. When a country is engaged in the business activities of other countries its government makes agreements with respect to those countries separately international organization like World Trade Organization frame rule and regulations for all the countries and the governments have to enforce these rules and regulations in their respective countries. Many a times they are compelled to do away with certain rules and regulations that safeguards the rights and working conditions of the working people. It is maintained that in place of old welfare state, it is the market that, becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry of multinational companies in a country reduces the capacity of the government to take decisions on their own. It is however, to be noticed that globalization does not always reduce the capacity of the state. The state in the developing countries continues to perform its essential functions like the maintenance of law and order and national security. Thus, states continue to be important and play vital role in the light of globalization even in developing countries. Besides, with advanced technologies available at the disposal of the state to collect information about its citizens, the state is able to rule in a better way. As SA result, rules become more powerful than they were earlier as a result of the outcome of new technology.

2. Globalization affects us in our home in what we eat, drink, wear and indeed what we think’. Point out the cultural consequences of globalization.

Ans. The consequences also touch the cultural life of the people. It has affected people’s domestic life, food, drink dress and ideas all over the world. But the cultural effect of globalization leads to the fear that this process poses a threat to cultures in the world. It does so, because globalization leads to the rise of a uniform culture or what is called cultural homogenization. The rise of a uniform culture is not the emergences of global culture. In reality, it is the imposition of the western culture on the rest of the world. US hegemony can be seen in various cultures at the moment. For example we can cite the example of the “Jean Culture” or the usage of the fast food like burger etc. to show the powerful influence of American culture. Thus, the culture of politically and economically dominant countries leave its mark of weaker countries to such an extent that the world begins to look more a kin to the wishes of dominant power. The Mc Donaldization of the world is a good instance to show the growing effect of American culture, which can be prove as dangerous for poor countries and the whole humanity as it leads to the shrinking of rich cultural heritage all around the globe.

But, however it doesn’t mean that cultural effects of globalization are only negative. Culture is a dynamic concept. All cultures get some outside influences. Some of these external influences may be negative as they limit our choices. At times however, these external influences even enlarge our choices and modify our culture without overhauling the entire traditional one. Food choices have only been enhanced. Likewise Jeans can even be worn with a Khadi kurta. This is a unique combination of an outside and traditional culture.

3. What are the political, economic and cultural effects of globalization?

Ans. Globalization is a multi-dimensional concept.

It has political, economic and cultural manifestations and these must be adequately distinguished.
Globalization is regarded as a multi-dimensional concept, in which it is a process, where the ‘earth’ is regarded as a ‘globe village’.
The consequence of contemporary processes of globalization related to its ongoing political impact. At the most simple level, globalization results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do.
Globalization has indeed affected upon the political scenario, as the concept of the state, as a welfare state has declined, and has transformed more as a minimalist state.
The economic face of the world has a link with globalization. Economic globalization has an important role in shaping the world politics. Economic globalization is closely linked with international institutions like IMF, and World Bank. Thus, economic globalization, normally deals with great economic flows between different countries of the world.
The consequences of globalization are not confined only to the sphere of politics and economy. Globalization also influences our life styles, pattern of idea, dressing and food habits. It has affected people’s preferences leading to the fear that it threatens world cultures. The cultural effect of globalization, leads to the fear that this process poses a threat to all culture, since, it leads to a rise of a uniform culture, or the domination of western culture, known as ‘cultural homogenization’. Similarly, cultural homogenization also has contrary effect. It makes each culture more distinctive and unique, known as ‘cultural heterogenization’.

4. Write the features of Globalization?

Ans. The important features of globalization are –

Rapid expansion of international trade: Globalization also involves the free flow of trade across the globe. The WTO is an example for expansion of trade across countries. WTO’s purpose is to enlarge production and trade of services to ensure optimum utilization of world resources and to facilitate international trade.
Growing importance of MNCs: The MNCs or the Multi National Corporation are particularly important for understanding globalization. The MNCs produce market services, in countries other than their own for enhancing their profit and are oriented to the global market.
Increase in capital transfers across national border: Flow of capital across the globe increases economic cooperation among nations; the flow takes place through the exchange of capital, which is turn leads to the exchange of people, commodities and ideas. Thus investor can invest their money in other countries than their own. This would help them yield better results specially by investing in developing countries.
Globalization of technology: Globalization has led to the increase of technological inventions which has made easier for interconnectedness with the globe. The inventions of the telegraph, the telephone and the microchip in more recent times have revolutionized communication between different parts of the world.

5. Examine the responsible factors for the emergence of the process globalization.

Ans. Factors for the emergence of the process of globalization are –

Revolution in information technology and electronic media.
Development in science and technology.
Advances in the field of transport and communication.
Growth of Multi-National Company.
Efforts of the developed nations.

6. How does Globalization reduces, the states’ capacity to govern?

7. What are the features of Globalization?

Ans. The features of Globalization are as follows –

Global Economy is one of the important features of Globalization. In the process of Globalization, it has been observed that national economies have been integrated into global economy.
Establishment of Worldwide institutions is one of the features of Globalization. Globalization has brought the countries of the World closer to each other.
Expansion of industrialization is another feature of Globalization. Globalization has increased the value of multi-national business organizations.
Competitive economy is another important aspect of Globalization. The developing countries are trying to compete with the developed countries.
International Law for the security of international peace and to resolve trade problems is another important aspect of Globalization.
Technological innovations are another feature of Globalization.

8. What are the causes of Globalization?

Ans. The causes of Globalization are as follows –

Globalization is identified with the phenomenon of flow of capital goods, information and even people across borders at a very high speed through the use of information and communication technologies.
A global civil society comprising parliamentarians, trade unions, non-government organizations is becoming perceptible. Truly, global village has become a reality.
Companies are moving their production centres from one corner of the World to another very fast.
Those who argue that there is something distinct about contemporary Globalization point out that it is the scale and speed that accounts for the uniqueness of Globalization in the contemporary era.

9. Explain the political consequence of Globalization.

Ans. States are benefitted by Globalization. In fact, Globalization has increased the activities of the state.

Increase in the Role of the State Activities

In developing countries state is still dominating because state is the premier and sole basis of political community.
Due to Globalization states are able to collect information about individuals.
State has full power to maintain law and order. State is responsible for the security and safety of the state. Defence is the major responsibility of the State.

Decrease in the Role of State Activities

Globalization has greatly affected the decision making power of the state. Multi-National Companies have greatly affected the working of the States.
In place of welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities.
Privatization has rapidly increased the process of disinvestment and private sector has become more important than public sector.

10. Explain the economic consequences of globalization.

Ans. The economic consequences of globalization are –

Globalization has involved greater trade in commodities across the globe.
The restrictions imposed by different countries on allowing the imports of other countries have been reduced.
The restrictions on movement of capital across countries have also been reduced.
Globalization has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries. The spread of internet and computer related services are an example of that.
Economic interdependence also involves the spreading of production of commodities across any number of countries.
Economic Globalization does not merely entail increases in the volume of international exchanges between states but it also involves the raising of capital in one or more countries to support production in others.

11. Explain the cultural consequences of globalization.

Ans. The cultural consequences of globalization are as follows –

Culture is not static but changeable with the change of time. Due to Globalization each culture has influenced other’s culture.
Globalization broadens our cultural outlook and promotes cultural homogenization.
Interactions among different cultures has enlarged our likings and disliking. For example, Globalization has brough burger and pizza to India.
Globalization has increased social mobility and it has strengthened the bonds of universal brotherhood.
No culture would disappear due to Globalization. In fact, Globalization leads to each culture becoming more different and distinctive. This phenomenon is called cultural heterogenization.

12. Explain the various resistance of globalization.

Ans. The various resistance of globalization is as follows –

Accumulations of power and wealth in the hands of foreign multinational companies increase unemployment, poverty and the marginalization of vulnerable groups.
Misuse of technology for spreading terror and violence is an important political effect of the globalized World.
The income gaps between the rich and the poor both among and within countries have sharply widened.
With the rise of market power, much of the developing World has become both unattractive for private investment and non-competitive for export purposes.

13. Explain the India’s resistance of globalization.

Ans. Though India is open to beneficial aspects of Globalization, it is concerned over the adverse effects. Therefore, the resistance of Globalization in India has come from different quarters.

There has been Left Wing using protests to economic liberalization voiced through political parties as well as through forum like the Indian Social Forum.
Trade Unions of industrial workforce as well as those representing farmers’ interests have organized protests against the entry of multinationals.
The patenting of certain plants like Neem by American and European firms has also generated considerable opposition.