Class 12 Political Science Notes- Chapter 18 : RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS - CBSE

Hey guys! Most of the students are scrounging for political science notes for class 12 and all their efforts are in vain. So to bring a smile on your face. I have provided here NCERT Political Science Class 12 Notes Chapter 18 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS – CBSE AND AHSEC. I hope you like this post. Keep visiting!!!

UNIT – 18

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN INDIAN POLITICS

VERY SHORT ANSWER (1 Mark)

1. What do you mean by ‘Congress System’?

Ans. ‘Congress System’ means the dominant position of congress during the period of 1947-1967 as a political party of India despite the existence of several other political parties.

2. What is “Karseva”?

Ans. Karseva is that groups of people who gave voluntary service for construction of Ram Mandir.

3. Who was the head of the coalition government of 1989?

Ans. V.P. Singh supported by Left parties and BJP was the head of the coalition government of 1989.

4. In 1989 who formed the Government?

Ans. In 1989 Janata Dal formed the government.

5. What is meant by Hindutva?

Ans. Hindutva literally means Hinduism. It was very well defined by its originator V.D. Savarkar as the basis of Indian nationhood.

6. After the death of Rajiv Gandhi who became the Prime Minister of India?

Ans. After the death of Rajiv Gandhi P.V. Narashimha Rao became the Prime Minister of India.

7. Which party led the National Democratic Alliance?

Ans. Bharatiya Janata Party led the National Democratic Alliance.

8. After Advani who became the President of BJP?

Ans. Sushma Swaraj became the President of BJP after Advani.

9. How many parties formed the NDA?

Ans. 24 Parties formed the NDA.

10. Which political party emerged as the single largest party in 1996 Parliamentary Elections?

Ans. Indian National Congress emerged as the single largest party in 1996 Parliamentary Elections.

11. Write any one recommendation of Mandal Commission.

Ans. One recommendation of Mandal Commission was that other backward castes should be given 27% reservation in government services.

12. What is Mandal Commission?

Ans. The commission which was set up by Janata Party for upliftment of backward castes in north India is called Mandal Commission.

13. What do you mean by UPA? [2013]

Ans. UPA means United Progressive Alliance.

14. Who provided the leadership to NDA government?

Ans. Mr. Atal Bihari Vajpayee provided the leadership to NDA government.

15. Who was the Kanshi Ram?

Ans. Kanshi Ram was the proponent of Bahujan empowerment and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party (B.S.P)

16. Write one cause responsible for the growth of regional parties.

Ans. One cause responsible for the growth of regional parties is the inability of the Central Government to meet the demands of the different regions.

17. In which year Janata Dal was formed?

Ans. 1988

18. In which year Bharatiya Janata Party was established?

Ans. 1980

19. Who was the head of the Coalition Govt. from 1999 to 2004?

Ans. Atal Bihari Vajpayee

20. Which leader of B.J.P called Mohammad Ali Jinnah as a secular leader?

Ans. L.K. Advani

21. After Advani who became the President of B.J.P?

Ans. Pramod Mohajan

22. What is meant by Hinduism or Hindutva?

Ans. Giving importance to Hindu religion

23. Who became the Prime Minister of India after 2004 election?

Ans. Dr. Manmohan Singh.

24. Fill in the blanks:

(a) The Govt. of India appointed Mandal Commission in ____.

Ans. 1990

(b) Prime Minister ____ was assassinated on 31^st October, 1984.

Ans. Indira Gandhi

Ans. Omar Abdullah

Class 12 Political Science Notes (for 2020-21 exam) -CBSE and AHSEC

VERY SHORT ANSWER (2 Mark)

1. Are regional parties necessary? Give any two arguments in support of your answer.

Ans. Yes, Regional Parties are indeed very necessary in a heterogeneous country like Indian because of the following two reasons –

Regional parties work in a narrow region which helps in solving the various problems of that region without great difficulty.
The people of a region get wider representation with greater number of regional parties.

2. What do you know about NDA?

Ans. The BJP led alliance is known as NDA or National Democratic Alliance. It first came to power in 1998 with its 24 coalition partners got majority in Lok Sabha with TDP being the second major partner with 29 MP’s. The NDP government passed the Prevention of Terrorists Act (POTA) in 2002 to counter against terrorists.

3. How many seats were secured by BJP and Congress in 2004 elections?

Ans. In 2004 general elections BJP secure 138 seats and Congress secured 145 seats.

4. What were the new economic reforms and when were the new economic reforms announced?

Ans. The new economic reform is called Structural Adjustment Programme or the new economic reforms initiated by Rajiv Gandhi followed by the various governments took a radically different turn. These changes first became very visible in 1991 and radically changed the direction than the Indian economy had persuaded since independence. Though these policies have been widely criticized by various movements and organization, but the various governments that come to power in this period have continued to follow these.

The new economic reforms were announced in 1991.

5. Trace the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi.

Ans. Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in 1991, May when he was on an election campaign in place called Sri Perumbudur. The assassinators were Sri Lankan Tamil linked to the LTTE militants, who came to India as suicide bombers. The death of Rajiv Gandhi led to the appointment of Narashimha Rao as the Prime Minister.

6. When did the phase of coalition politics begin?

Ans. The new era of “coalition politics” begin in the year 1989 when no political party get majority of seats. The National Front formed a coalition government for first time with Congress as opposition party.

7. Trace the status of BSP.

Ans. In 14^th April, 1984 the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram. The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. But in 1989 and the 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.

8. What do you mean by coalition government? When was the coalition govt. formed for the first time at the centre?

Ans. A broad arrangement between two or more political parties to run a government is called coalition government. Formation of such a government takes place when no political party gets a clear majority. Thus many political parties national or regional join hands for power-sharing. It must be noted that general coalition governments are not stable. The first coalition government was formed in India on 24^th March 1977.

9. Which election led to the era of coalitions and why?

Ans. The 1989 elections led to the era of coalitions because in 1989 Lok Sabha election no one got the required majority. Though the congress was the largest party in the Lok Sabha, it did not have a clear majority and therefore it decided to sit in the opposition. So Janata Dal led by V.P. Singh was to form the government. After he was assured of support by BJP and Left Parties along with some regional parties, the National Front formed a coalition government.

10. When Mandal issue was raised in Indian Politics?

Ans. In Indian politics the Mandal issues were raised in the year 1978.

11. Which political party pursued the politics of Hindutva?

Ans. Bharatiya Janata Party pursued the politics of Hindutva which literally means Hinduism.

12. What is MAMCEF? In which year it was formed?

Ans. The full form of BAMCEF is the Backward and Minority Classes Employees Federation. In the year 1978 Kanshi Ram was founded the BAMCEF his organization was not an ordinary trade union of government employees, but it took a strong position in favour of political power to the ‘Bahujan’ – the SC, ST, OBC and other minorities.

13. Write the full form of AIADMK.

Ans. The full form of AIADMK is All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhaguam.

14. Write the two features of coalition’s government in India.

Ans. The two features of Coalition Government in India are –

The coalition government is subjected to lot of adjustments. It must take note of that all allied are contended. Any discontentment would lead to break down of the alliance and also of the government.
Regional political parties have started playing a major role in formation of the coalition government. This was clearly sun in the NDA alliance and also the present UPA alliance.

15. Write few lines about economic globalization.

Ans. Economic Globalization normally deals with great economic flows between different countries of the world. This process is influenced by voluntary cooperation among nations while some of it is forced by international institutions and powerful nations. The flow takes place through exchange of commodities, capital, people and ideas. Restrictions imposed by different states on each other’s imports have been removed.

16. What were the main manifestos of BJP?

Ans. The Bharatiya Janata Party was formally launched as an independent political organization in February, 1980. At this historical occasion, it declared it manifesto to furthering of national integration, democracy, positive secularism and value based politics, besides the decentralization of economic and political power.

17. Since 1989 until the election of 2004 which party has been gaining strength in Lok Sabha?

Ans. Bharatiya Janata Party is gaining strength in Lok Sabha since 1989 until the elections of 2004.

18. In which year, which political party emerged as the single largest party in parliamentary elections?

Ans. Bharatiya Janata Party emerged as the single largest political party in the parliamentary elections of India in 1998.

19. How many parties formed the NDA?

Ans. 24 Parties formed NDA.

20. Briefly trace the issue of Karseva?

Ans. Same as Ans. of Q. No. 11

21. Trace the status of BSP?

Ans. In 14^th April, 1984 the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram. The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. But in 1989 and the 1991 elections, it achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.

22. Write a note on E.F. (United Front)?

Ans. Same as Ans. of Q. No. 12

23. When and why the Backward and Minority classes Employees Federation formed?

24. Write the rise of OBCs in North Indian Politics.

Ans. Same as Ans. of Q. No. 1

LONG ANSWER (4MARKS)

1. Discuss the role of BSP.

Ans. In 14^th April, 1984, the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was emerged under the leadership of proponent of Bahujan empowerment leader Kanshi Ram.

The BSP began as a small party supported by largely Dalit voters in Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, but it has expanded its support now to various other social group.
It derived confidence from the fact that the Bahujan (SC, ST and OBC’s and Religious minorities) constituted the majority of the population and were a formidable political force on the strength of their members.
Since its inception the BSP has emerged or a major political player in state and has been in government on more than one occasion.
In 1989 and the 1991 election, BSP achieved a breakthrough in Uttar Pradesh. This was first time in independent India that a political party supported mainly by Dalit voters had achieved this kind of political success.

2. List the four groups which emerged in 1990’s.

Ans. In 1990’s four major groups had emerged in Indian Politics.

These groups are:

Parties that are in coalition with the Congress.
Parties that are in alliance with the BJP.
Left Front Parties.
Other parties who are not part of any of the above three.

3. State the main issues in Indian Politics in the period after 1989. What different configuration of political parties these differences lead to?

Ans. The period after 1989 in seen sometimes as the period of decline of congress and rise of BJP.

BJP and Congress were engaged in a tough competition in this period.
Since the 1989 election, the votes pulled by the two parties, Congress and the BJP do not add up to more than fifty percent. The seats won by them too, do not add up to more than half the seats in the Lok Sabha.
Coalition politics has shifted the focus of political from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the ‘Hindutva” ideology of the BJP but they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full form.
In this period state level political parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.

4. Write any four features of the coalition government?

Ans. A broad arrangement between two or more political parties to run a government is called Coalition Government. The following are the some important features of the Coalition Government-

The parties agreeing to form coalition form a common minimum programme. It is formed taking some common goals into consideration.
Coalition Governments are formed when no political party secures clear majority. The parties ideologically congruent or incongruent may come together for formation of government.
Coalition Governments tend to be temporary. When a coalition partner suddenly withdraws from the government then it is reduced to minority and many a times leading to breakdown of the government.
In coalition Governments, the political parties may be regional or national. For example – Asom Gana Parishad was an ally in the BJP led NDA coalition.

5. Explain briefly any four developments witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992.

Ans. Any four developments witnessed by the country from 1989 to 1992 are given below:

Development on the agreement of new economic policies while many groups are opposed to the new economic policies, most political parties is in support of the new economic policies.
Acceptance of the political and social claims of the backward castes political parties have recognized that the social and political claims of the backward castes need to the accepted. As a result all political parties now support reservation of seats for the ‘backward classes’ in education and employment.
Development of state level parties in governance of the country the distinction between state level and national parties is fast becoming less important. State level parties are sharing power at the national level and have played a central role in the country’s politics of last twenty years or so.
Emphasis on pragmatic consideration rather than ideological positions and political alliances without ideological agreement- coalition politics has shifted the focus of political parties from ideological differences to power sharing arrangements. Most parties of the NDA did not agree with the “Hindutva” ideology of the BJP, yet they came together to form a government and remained in power for a full term.

6. Write any four major politics of Janata Dal.

Ans. In October 1988 Janata party decided to merge itself with a section of Lok Dal, then headed by Haryana Chief Minister Debi Lal and thus they formed a new political party called Janata Dal. Ajit Singh faction of the Lok Dal also joined the Janata Dal.

At the time of its foundation some of the policies and programme of this party were clearly stated by the leadership. These policies are like:

The party promised first of all a clean and efficient administration.
It also promised to incorporate the right to work as a fundamental right in the constitution and to ensuring the right to information in the constitution.
It wants to give special protections to weaker sections and backward classes.
It promised to introduce comprehensive electoral reforms.

7. Why are the regional parties becoming more popular these days? (2013)

Ans. The Regional Political parties becoming more popular these days, because they represent not only the newly emergent regional elite but also the total complex of regional values and regional ambitious. The phenomenon points to the slow and gradual development of federal politics in India. The regional political parties are now a day’s addressing and focusing the regional problems. They have been many a time successful in converting a regional problem into a national problem. This is helping the regional parties to gain importance after every passing day.

Santosh Kumar Sah

My name is Santosh Kumar Sah. I am a CA-Finalist as well as a faculty at Dynamic Tutorials and Services. I reside in Tinsukia (ASSAM). I have more than 5 years of experience in teaching. I have written “Alternative English Guide Book for Class 12 -AHSEC” And ” English Guide Book For Class 12-AHSEC”.I love writing that is why i created this blog to help students by providing notes.